Prescriptive And Descriptive Schools Of Strategy Business Essay

Prescriptive And Descriptive Schools Of Strategy Business Essay Introduction: Strategic management has become well established in all the sectors of the economies especially in the large organizations. Every business has some specific purposes a reasonable of a business is to create customers and to build a profit generating market. A customer is the foundation of the business. Survival ability is a kind of competence function of the management and nature of the business, nature of ownership, and the financial strength of the enterprises are interested. A stable enterprise always struggles to minimize the managerial tensions of the business. It is the strategy of assistance in an external environment. Ohmaes definition of strategic management is quite different. He drew three groups of strategic management which are customer, Corporation and competitors. The generator also described the importance of theme by moving from abstract idea of strategy to the concrete strategic planning of its implementation. There are different ideas and arguments among many people having interest in the strategic management but their arguments and ideas are remarkably inconclusive. Over the years the studies show that the aim and objectives specify the quantity and targets and goals towards the leadership and the effort, the investment of the resources, the abilities to be directed such that the aims and strategic intent is achieved. In this assignment you will find the schools of strategy briefly. Role of Strategic Management and competitive analysis: The major requirement of the role of the strategic analysis is the understanding of competitive situation and appraisal which directs the enterprise in the sector or market. The strategic choice is flourished by the competitive forces against the organization or enterprise. The enterprise always makes a transparent and clear activities and identities of its competitors. It is important particularly when the selected proposals are supposed to enter in the market to operate in the international market. In early 1993 Mr. Kay discussed the basic or core enterprise in which the capability of the firm or company provides the more competitive advantage in the local market and international as well. The reason of it is because the competitive advantage is relative and the firms can facilitate themselves by the applying the strategic role to other suppliers in the same market. A firm is supposed to understand and define the competitive strategic advantage arena. The strategic competitive poli cy of the Japanese and South Korean competition was pillared on the encouragement of Competitive Oligopoly among the companies within the frame work of the national protection acts. Contemporary Strategic Issues: Issue is an un solved problem or question which is need to be solved and to give a result to take a future decision but when it is strategic issue then it has major impact on the direction of the business. The strategic issues are involved in the deep simplifying strategic planning. There are many strategic issues are hidden behind the curtain in one organization which just needed to be taken out to get tackle against them. Actually a team will generate bigger list of the strategic issues then they will have time to solve it. All the strategic issues are queued in an order and the priority is given to the much serious ones. While solving the issues the team staff is permitted to discuss the terms and then it defines the scope of the issues before the discussion get into heated. Then the discussion is derived until the decision is taken placed and solutions are provided to the member or represented people of the organizations. Some of the strategic issues lead to the later strategic p lanning steps. Schools of the Strategy: Mintzberg and lampel in 1999 reviewed ten schools of strategy formulation and declared that any type of business must be driven by the strategy. The strategy has a specific role in the enterprise management but the concept of enterprise indicated that the company has vision, mission and culture and it does not look possible that any one create a future statement on the development of company or organization. Hence the plans are created for the short term future to sustain and struggle against on coming challenges. So strategy is not a set of acts to achieve the future objectives but it is concentration which is gazed upon the created plans. The contributions of ideas have been included by the schools in the followings. Cognitive School: This school is about the process of strategic decision making which is based on the concept and their frameworks already exist. Concept of business, definition of plan or action and formation of strategies are the processes of the enterprise. The cognitive school as compared to school of learning is much different it presents the mind of strategies and drawing field of cognitive psychology. The large body of research that informs the individual about the decision making and to support evidences and the abilities to adopt the same criteria in the similar situation. The more recent event having the greater influence then the past events. In addition the individuals have the cognitive style including the followings; The strategic formation is a cognitive process that takes place in the strategies stage. Strategies emerge as frames, maps and concepts. Design School: Design school is what that perceives the strategy formation as achieving getting fixed between the internal strengths and the outer threats and opportunities. The SWOT (Strengths, Weakness, Threats, opportunities) has keen importance to make help of the vision and mission of the organization. The planning and design schools are emerged from the same academic years and had so many features. Difference that are mentioned between the design and planning schools are required an implicitly imaginative steps to devise candidate strategies. Therefore the strategic businesses theories which lie behind the planning school are really wanted for business to work more efficiently and work like a machine and it leave no room for the creativity. The planning and design schools use SWOT style and these become so formalized and detailed. In practice the planning begins with an objective covered by the strategy. Entrepreneurial School: The principal aspects of an enterprise are considered here as a vision. The unique figure of future is defined with a team leader who is utilized as the source of vision and mission. The vision sets as the motivation and courage of the employees of an organization. One of the advocates named Peter Ducker identifies the entrepreneurial with the management. The entrepreneurial act is the act of economic risk taking and business enterprise institution. Entrepreneurial in the larger business or organization includes Richard Barson of Virgin and Jack Welsh as well. The domination of strategic forming by the new search opportunities. It leading to the decision making on the large scale on the face of uncertainty and its power is centralized in the hands of the chief executive. The vision of strategy is deliberated in its broad view and flexible to attain the aim or objectives. Cultural School: It defines the importance of culture as an enabler of strategic formulation. The organizational culture can be a thought of shared value beliefs and norms which are held by the people who work on it and the organizations from other organizations. The framework of the organizational culture includes the team work, control, honesty, conflicts, decision making power and rewards. It is categorized to the other aspects like dress code or as shown on the other member of the staff and consumers. In some of the cases the rules which are governing the conduct of the business are known as unwritten grounded rules. The focuses of cultural school are the social interaction of involving the others within the organization for the purpose of strategy formation and the reflection of strategy which emerges the understandings and beliefs of those within the organization. Positioning School: The positioning school is the school which provides the strategic approach to the planning of analytical approach and aims to define the common place through the industry situation. The industry analysis is based on the Porters five forces analysis. The positioning school is driven like both the programmatic and consultancy driven as well and it looks like the design school. Actually the numbers of things in this paragraph are not to draw conclusion for the school and everything is implicit or assumed. It is the knowledge view that is not in circular flow or the expected development has no long term value attached to this kind of knowledge the required data is being saved and kept by the consultants and The Gurus. Now it is just relying on the long term condition of predictability that has nothing to say about the implementation and the competitors and company itself had a broadly shared determined world view. This theme was originally create by the consultants for their personal ben efits. Mitzberg has drawn an explanation for the production of performance, attendance and the constant cycle of rehearsal. By reviewing the ideology of this school it seems like that we can make better characterized entrepreneurial ideology in two parts. Based on Dialectic but crucially world view Based on the investment into specific uncertainty From the given prescription of Mintzberg we might be getting few numbers of misgivings about the positioning school of strategy. Planning School: Planning school contributes with the structural planning process with many levels of decision making. The different levels allow the people who make decisions to analyze many aspects of strategy as corporate. This school is meant to be the bridge between the business practice and theory of traditional business (old world) and the risk management (new world). In order to make it functional it is important to take it in ones notice that how the business runs and the running figures being utilized in the scenario. The way of doing remains unspecified despite the claimed formality of the proceeding stage. The objective toward the goal remains under discussion and it is formed by the tricky process between them by the act of negotiations. Mintzberg dicussed about the planning theories. The parts that are eliminated from the theory are creative imagination except for the Porters five Planning Schools Scenario. It was initially considered that the planning school of strategy is different fr om the idea of strategies being a form of knowledge probably these are inherited uncertainly. While capturing the business form of objectives and programmatic goals assumed that all other things are different that is the place where strategy formula is disappeared. Thus the Strategic School of Planning rejects the existence of uncertainty in any of the form and it is almost a meta strategy of placing truth in the formal planning process. The planning school marks points where the business modeling has been taken off by the effect of risk management techniques to make a statistical model of the market or company. Until now the Mintzberg keeping the sides of both of the fallacy of predetermination and the fallacy of detachment. The legacy of business strategic planning school is that business plan and business model that had formed the degraded liberatory emancripatory language of ghetto poverty. Its discredited certainties of a positive business theory against the life tsunami of un certainties. All the situation looks like same that was arguably the high point of rational approach to strategic management. Power School: The school which focuses on the strategy making pillared of power. Numbers of two approaches power exist in a company where the organization uses the power on its suppliers or customers. The culture to elaborate principles and polices that leads to the relationship among people is called Micro Power. The combination of power with the other strategy groups id that is beyond the economic terms because the influence of the power for one organization will affect the politics of the firm. It started in the early 1990s. The roles of this school are some times to negotiate the implicit contracts to build the power base and building a larger and powerful department. In budget: to govern more resources playing with in clearly defined rules. The political action or continuing process can be the internal persuasion and in few cases confrontation with the shifting interests. Learning School: The learning school exploits the strategy model like a learning process where the competencies and capabilities are important parts of the process and strategies that are underpin. In an enterprise concept the core competence is the concept that is supposed to be used. The perspectives of learning school are that the workers inside the organization get ideologies that how can them respond to adopt the situation in the positive manner. The premises of this school are described as the many number of individuals in an organization are involved with the formation and learning of strategy. The formation and the implementation of the strategy cannot be separated and this whole process occurs over a long time. The strategic school learning of raises the question that who is the architect of strategy. Environment School: This believes that the strategies and the companies have a life cycle and it rotates continually. So it seems important to understand the demand and supply of the products that are being used under the policies of the organization or a company and there is a viable strategy to exist is needed. The individuals acquire the organizations beliefs by a process of socialization reinforce by the formal training session. The environmental strategy making is a process that reflects the patterns of actions. The beginning of environmental school was from the 1990s. It viewed as the forces working outside the organization are active and the organization itself it trying to obtain the energy from outside to merge it or gain it to compete in the strategic environment. The basic participation of the Environmental school is to bring the overall view of strategy to maintain the balance. The strategic school is of the point of view is that the one company or enterprise is sole responsible for the form ation of strategy. The school had premises outside the environmental forces are the central person in the making of a strategy plan. Configuration School: The transformation process viewed as the strategy for the company in order to undertake such revolutionary alteration. The strategy is one of the most important aspects of the enterprise. Most of the enterprises state it as stable like adopting a particular structure for a number of strategies. The stability time durations are like a life cycle in the organization or company. The purpose of strategic management is to control the process of change by not effecting the negative way on the company. The configuration school of strategy and other schools of strategic management are employed at different times. The key is to elect a relevant school of choice to complete the project by depending on the circumstances on other side a particular process for development of strategy can be suggested over there. All these school had considered to define the frame work for the organization. Strategy Formulation in the large company or organization: The formulation can be divided into two inter related components and parts to get better understand. These are corporate strategy and Business strategy. The corporate strategy is related with the issues of strategic management at the level of the enterprise. There are few directions that should develop its activity in which it can develop the nature of its internal architecture and the nature of the relationship with its sector. The Business strategy is what in which the enterprises establishes the strategies for the organizational business activities and the specific division or business units operations can be allocated. Strategy formulation in SME: The formation of strategy in the SME small to medium sized enterprises it is unluckily to differentiate to make difference between the business and corporate strategy. You will be amazed to know that the strategy of the enterprise is its business strategy until the SME flourishes to an efficient size to think about issues of corporate development and the external relationship. In the well known series of Mintzberg and colleagues (1985b, 1987b) the basis of strategy are categorized under the following headings Self imposed The requirement The deliberate Rationalistic Logically incremental The emergent Conclusion: There are different ideas and arguments among many people having interest in the strategic management but their arguments and ideas are remarkably inconclusive. Over the years the studies show that the aim and objectives specify the quantity and targets and goals towards the leadership and the effort, the investment of the resources, the abilities to be directed such that the aims and strategic intent is achieved. References: Books: Strategic Management by Paul Joyce Adrian Woods (Published 2001) ISBN 0 74943583 6. Strategic Planning and management for Library Managers by Joseph Matthews (Published in 2005) ISBN 1-59158231-8. Hand Book on Enterprise Architecture by P.Bernus, L. Nemes and G. Schmidt issued in 2003 ISBN 3-540-00343. Principles of strategic management by Tony Morden (published in 2007) ISBN 978-0-7546-4474-3. Internet: [www.strategyletter.com] http://www.strategyletter.com/cp_0799/FeaturedArticle.php [www.nickpelling.com] http://www.nickpelling.com/dissertation/chapter4.pdf

Music in the Age of Romanticism :: Arts

Music in the Age of Romanticism In the 19th century the world experienced many dramatic changes related to politics, economics and culture. Music would never be the same after this period. During these years musicians, influenced by the Romantic movement in literature, neglected the formalism and aims of Classicism (Bohle p1861), and developed Musical Romanticism as a way to express their feelings free of traditional musical structures. The term "Romanticism represents the period of the apparent domination of the instinct over reason, of imagination over form, heart over head" (Sadie p141). The Romantic movement was foreshadowed by Bach, but Beethoven was the one who brought it into being in early 19th century (Bohle p 1862). Music in this period was characterized by personal and individual style with more subjectivity. (Miller p197). During this period composers tried to express themselves freely. There were notable extremes and contrasts in their styles of composition. For instance, their preferred media were piano accompaniment, operas and symphony orchestra. In the same way, their music was composed for two kinds of audiences: one in the big concert halls, and an other in intimate salon; and the length of the compositions extended from short pieces to big symphonies. Also the dynamic of the music was very variable using loud and soft levels. In addition, musicians developed a nationalist style using folklore as subject for operas, sometimes borrowing folklore from other countries (Miller, 1973 p134-135). Among the major composers of this period are: Beethoven, Von Weber, Schubert, Schumann, Chopin, Brahms, Rachmaninoff and others. Even though Romanticism and Classicism are classified as opposites they are deeply related. Even in Classicism's excessive use of structures and formalisms, composers of this period also expressed their feelings through music. On the other hand, Romantic composers had to use some basic structures from Classicism needed to write music. However, the Romantic era was a period in music when musicians had more freedom to use different forms to compose music expressing their individualism and nationalism.

Best Practices Guide for Multi-Disciplinary Teams Essay

Schools across the US are beginning to open-up classrooms, teachers are finding that they are no longer working alone or exclusively with members of their own profession. But with parent, Paraprofessionals, nurses, learning support staff, educational psychologists, social workers, and even community leaders and volunteers. This type of collaboration is called multidisciplinary teams, in its simplest terms this means members of different professions working together. Each member of a multidisciplinary team has an essential function and has valuable contribution to make in the identifying learning goals for the student, as well as the delivery of these goals across all areas from curriculum to learning opportunities and even the students extracurricular activities. Members of this team are also able to support the child at home to ensure that there is success between home and school. The success of the student depends on a strong home/school relationship; therefore, parents are strongly encouraged to participate. Each member of the team has specific qualification and duties: Local education agency (LEA) A representative qualified to supervise the needs of the student, someone who is knowledgeable of the general curriculum, is knowledgeable about the availability of resources of the public agency, and has the authority to commit agency resources. Family Not only is emphasis upon parental participation ethically proper and legally required, but â€Å"parental involvement has been associated with higher grades, positive behaviors and attitudes, reduced absenteeism, and increased study habits† (Lawrence & Heller, 2001). Related staff and services This group of people can vary depending on the student or issue being evaluated. Most commonly you will have a school psychologist who may be responsible for completing an assessment of the student, analyzing and interpreting assessment data and conduct follow-up observations to determine the success of modifications put in place to aid the student. Other related personnel can include: †¢ Speech-language therapists †¢ Occupational therapists †¢ Physical therapists †¢ Vision specialists †¢ Medical personnel, such as nurses and dietitians †¢ Social workers †¢ Counselors and mental health personnel †¢ Adaptive physical education teachers †¢ Vocational specialists †¢ others Administrators A school administrator, principal or assistant principal is an essential member of the team. Because the administrator should be aware of specific resources and expertise within the school In addition, administrators are qualified to supervise the program and can commit necessary resources. The administrator usually works with LEA’s. Regular education teachers The regular education teacher and the special education teacher more than likely have shared and equal responsibilities to all students in the classroom. Usually, the regular education teacher’s role is ultimately in charge of instruction in the classroom. The teacher is also the line of communication between the school and home, keeping the parents informed about the student’s achievement and grades and educational programs. Special education teachers The special educator’s role is that of individualizing, diagnosing, and modifying curriculum. In an inclusive classroom the special education teacher would provide assessment and instructional planning in the mainstream setting, conduct remediation and tutorial and team teach. Team teaching arrangements were used in the 1960s (Stainback, S. & Stainback, W., 1996) in an attempt to reach a wider range of children with diverse learning needs, particularly those at risk. Identification and Placement Procedures One of the most significant and complicated parts of a special education program is identifying eligible students, this is because the criteria for verifying a disability can be subjective and subject to change. Mistakenly identifying students as disabled or failing to identify students who actually need services can have a long term impact. Detailed steps have been created to improve the process of identifying a disability and ensuring fairness. Student Assistance Teams and Multidisciplinary Team Two procedures included the use of a student assistance team and a multidisciplinary evaluation team. The student assistance team search for alternative solutions when a student is having problems. The student assistance team is usually comprised of regular teachers, counselors and administrators, school psychologists and special education teachers can also be a part of the student assistance team. When the issue can not be resolved by the student assistance team then a written referral is made for an evaluation by the multidisciplinary team. Multidisciplinary team includes, but is not limited to psychologists, teachers (general and special education), administrators, and other specialists. This group of professionals follows federal and state regulations in order to determine whether a student is eligible for special education services. Before any student can be evaluated, however, the written permission must be obtained from the parents. The team approach provides additional validity to the verification process. Medical, educational, psychological, and social characteristics are usually used in the verification process. In many cases the School psychologist interprets the assessment data and is responsible for translating this information to the team for implementation. Once it has been determined that special education services are needed the team may meet as often as needed to discuss the implementation. School personnel are required to provide documentation of the mastery of benchmarks and annual goals. It is not required that all goals are meet one school term, but they must provide evidence that they are working toward achieving the goals.

Macao Job Vacancy Issues in Hospitality Industry Essays

Macao Job Vacancy Issues in Hospitality Industry Essays Macao Job Vacancy Issues in Hospitality Industry Essay Macao Job Vacancy Issues in Hospitality Industry Essay Macao Job Vacancy Issues in Hospitality Industry Statistic Analysis Introduction This report analyses key factors which result in vacancy issue in Macao hospitality industry with supportive statistics and information basically from 2009 to 2011. Since 2009, the influx tourist flow keeps enlarging the tourism market. [18] In 2011 every Macao labour has received at least 80 tourists. (D1) The problem is that tourist growth rate (up to15. 1% in 2010 and down to 12. 2%) has far exceeded the number of labour growth rate (1. 5% in 2010, to 3. % in 2011) of Macao, and the difference keeps becoming larger during the last three years. (D5)So Macao labor market is obviously unable to feed the tourism industry employment gradually expanding need. [2] Job vacancy issues description In 2008 to 2010 periods, the total percentage of vacancy jobs has been growing with the total amount of job offered in hospitality industry from 7% to 8% in the total 50,271 offered jobs in 2010. According to the rese arch, the hospitality job vacancy problem mainly occurred on both management position (such as company leader and senior manager) and rank-and-file position. In the same period, management position vacancies drop from 3% in 2008 and ended up with 1% in all vacancy jobs). Rank-and-file position vacancies occupation grew from 88. 2% in 2008 to 88. 5 %( 4,099 vacancies) in 2010 among all the job vacancies. Particularly, waiter/waitress, unskilled workers vacancies takes over 95% in the rank-and-file vacancies during the three years. Reasons for job vacancy issue analysis There are two reasons cause the management position vacancy. First, limited quality of labor market. Till 2011, there are 26% of the total Macao labors are holding a college or higher educational degree, this percentage would be 15. 8% if excluded imported workers apart. [3][4]Moreover, the language skills would bring the percentage even lower, as the most regular used language is Cantonese (83. 30%), and followed by Mandarin(5%), and English (2. 30%) respectively in 2011. Second, the lack of international exposure, makes Macao labors less competitive in the market, because of small amount of travels and business activities outside to western ountries. As for the rank-and-file job vacancy issue, mostly owes to: lower salary, lower status, and restricted labor importing policy. Low salary, especially for waiter/waitress, unskilled workers(around MOP6000), if compare with that(about MOP10,000) (D7)of rank-and-file positions in gaming industry which owns the similar job requirement; In Macau, there are common negative attitudes toward some rank-and-file jobs, because of social status c oncerns. Jobs like waiter/waitress, cleaning and house keeping, is always in need. Conclusion and Recommendations In conclusion, with the rapid development of tourism industry, issues like naturally lacking of human resource(267,200 local labours[10]), limited qualified manpower[14] and restricted labor importing policy, together will affect efficiency and effectiveness of the hospitality industry. In order to solve the job vacancy issues, government on the one hand, acts as a profound role in guaranteeing the benefit and priorities for local labors, in the short term; On the other hand government has being taken step improving the education system during the years, by subsidizing application for studying professional subjects and tertiary education, [13]in the long term. Recommendations for a company, such as arranging more practical training on management concepts and skills to develop local talents for senior positions; Language training to cater to international customers and management is also an alternative; Bring in certificate recognition system could be a good way to measure competence or set standard for employment, promotion and reward. Finally, its also the individual responsibility to making full use of the resources offered by public and private organization, get to ready for the global competition. Reference: [1] 4 ? 2011 2] : http://news. china. com. cn/local/2012-03/29/content_25017774. htm [3] 1. 8? macaodaily. com/html/2012-04/24/content_692714. htm [4] 13/2010 http://bo. io. gov. mo/bo/i/2010/22/regadm13_cn. asp [5]2. 6 , , ,2011 [6] bizintelligenceonline. com/content/view/229/10/lang,/ [7] newmacau. org/cms/index. php? option=com_contentview=articleid=1290:2011-06-12-04-17-20catid=9:2009-10-14-10-38-30Itemid=23 [8] chengpou. om. mo/news/2011/12/9/19932. html [9] ,2009 al. gov. mo/diario/l03/cs1-4/2009-120%20%2801-05%29. pdf [10] , ,2011 [11] 14 15 gov. cn/jrzg/2007-09/12/content_746039. htm [12] dsal. gov. mo/chinese/dfpcourse. htm [13]Government to create databank for securing young talent macaudailytimes. com. mo/macau/35383-Government-create-databank-for-securing-young-talent. html [14] macaodaily. com/html/2011-12/31/content_660715. htm [15] acaodaily. com/html/2011-12/20/content_657692. htm [16] macaodaily. com/html/2012-03/19/content_682512. htm [17]Macao workers happier, concerns lurking macaudailytimes. com. mo/macau/34953-Macau-workers-happier-concerns-lurking. html [18]Macaus GDP growth rate slows to 20. 7 pct in 2011 macaunews. com. mo/content/view/1667/53/lang,english/ [19] dsec. gov. mo/Statistic. aspx Diagram 1: 2008~2010 ( : ) | |2008? |2009? |2010? | | |2293. 3185 |2175. 214 |2496. 5411 | | |323. 4 |323. 9 |336. 3 | [pic] : ; Diagram 2: 2009~2010 ( : ) [pic] : -2010? 11 ; 2010~2011 ( : ) [pic] : -2011? 11 ; Diagram 3: 2009~2011 ( : ) |2009? | | |? 1? |? 2? |? 3? |? 4? | | |15176 |14250 |17272 |18222 | | 9216 |7027 |9331 |10325 | | |5960 |7223 |7941 |7897 | |2010? | | |? 1? |? 2? |? 3? |? 4? | | |14860 |29878 |44460 |45585 | | |8845 |12753 |14705 |13769 | | |6015 |17125 |29775 |31816 | |2011? | | |? 1? |? 2? |? 3? |? 4? | | 47404 |52525 |64091 |60961 | | |14199 |16912 |19554 |21278 | | |33205 |35613 |44537 |39683 | : ; Diagram 4: [pic] : ; Diagram 5: [pic] | |2009? |2010? |2011? | | |-1. 00% |1. 50% |3. 80% | | |-6. 20% |15. 10% |12. 20% | Diagram 6: 2008? ~2010 ( 😕 ) | |2008? 2009? |2010? | | |6617 |6490 |6470 | | |6468 |6340 |7850 | | |5619 |6080 |6100 | | |5633 |5820 |5830 | | |10045 |10580 |10730 | | |13974 |13360 |13710 | : ; Diagram 7: 2008? ~2010 pic] : ; Diagram 8: ( : ) [pic] : ; Diagram 9: | | (? ) | (? ) | (? ) | | |15. 7(5. 0%) |13. 9(4. 3%) |14. 8(4. 4%) | | |52. 3(16. 6%) |55. 8(17. 4%) |52. 5(15. 7%) | | |172. 6(54 . 7%) |177. 6(55. 5%) |189. 8(56. 6%) | | |75. 2(23. 8%) |73. 0(22. 8%) |78. 3(23. %) | | |315. 8 |320. 2 |335. 4 | : ; Diagram 11: | | : | | : | : , | | : | : , , | | : | : | | : ? 4-5 3 , | | | : , ( ) | | | : | | | : | | : | : , | | : 18-45? | : , | | : | : , | | : | : , | | : ( ) | | | : , , | | : ;

Directing Towards Freuds Hamlet in Y2K essays

Directing Towards Freuds Hamlet in Y2K essays Before we begin, I would like to congratulate you all on getting selected for the various parts in this production of Hamlet. My name is Glenn Close, and I will be directing this production from today until it closes in Tokyo next May. I have played the role of Gertrude, as many of you know, in the Hollywood production starring Mel Gibson. I also played Ophelia twice in high school and once my senior year at UCLA. This is my favorite Shakespeare play, one of the best of all time. Recently I was reintroduced to Freuds notable commentary on Shakespeare and his relation to Sophocles in The Interpretation of Dreams. From this I have pulled the essential pages and copied them for your perusal. In fact, each of you received those pages one week ago and were asked to come prepared to discuss its important aspects and to help me create a clearer vision of what we can do to make our Hamlet more like the one that Freud envisioned in 1899. As the director of this play, I have gathered you all here today to explain what this particular version of Hamlet is best representing. I decided to try to help Hamlet become more overtly repressed by his intellect so that Freuds vision can come to light in the minds of our audiences. In my humble opinion, no single director has yet made a good project out of exploring fully the impact of repression on the individual through the impotence of a paralyzed Hamlet. There is a reason for this. Many directors have tried and failed for the following reason: they were all men. Only a woman with the understanding of what it means to be sexually craved by her son can do justice to the directorship in the light of what Freud understood. I want this version of Hamlet to represent a modern day sexual scenario. By changing a few scenes, I can show Hamlets repressed emotions toward Gertrude, and his resentment toward Claudius. I want Hamlet almost to give in to his feelings for his mother . ..

Hedge Fund Bail Outs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hedge Fund Bail Outs - Essay Example Public money is not being used to help Americans for losing their homes. 2. What is â€Å"Moral Hazard?† How does Moral Hazard relate to this current issue? A Moral Hazard is the theory that when people know that they will be bailed out are less cautious. Moral Hazard relates to this issue because the financial institutions know if they get into major trouble, the government will use public funds to bail them out. The recent Bear Stearns brokered bail out from the Federal Reserve Bank of up to 30 billion dollars of public money in order that JPMorgan Chase may purchase the beleaguered investment bank is an example of Moral Hazard. If an American small business owner or homeowner fails on a loan due to bad business or money management, they lose their collateral. Bear Stearns received 30 billion dollars to make their business more attractive for purchase. That is a Moral Hazard. 3. If one is a â€Å"True Believer† in the market mechanism does one insist on allowing all firms the ability to fail? Yes. If all firms are allowed to fail, the market mechanism is fulfilled. Market mechanism is where buyers and sellers have an open and understood system of value and time trade offs to produce the best distribution of goods and services. Market mechanism assumes perfect competition. If failure is not allowed, than one can not be a â€Å"True Believer† in market mechanism. 4. How does firm â€Å"failure† lead to â€Å"efficiency?† A firm’s failure leads to efficiency through the opposite attitude of Moral Hazard. If a firm’s executives realized that they will not be bailed out if their company goes bankrupt or fails, they would be more cautious. Executives that realize they will not only lose their jobs, but will not receive big severance checks, might think twice about gambling with their company’s future. This would result in firms, financial and others, to operate efficiently as possible. Competition to be efficient would bloom. Instead of

Marijuana and Teen Use Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marijuana and Teen Use - Essay Example Thirteen percent of the teen smokers smoked marijuana before cigarettes. Interestingly, more than three quarters of the African American adolescent smokers reported marijuana use before tobacco use. Anecdotal reports have suggested that this practice exists among youth. It is possible that marijuana is more readily accessible to African American than European American teens (SAMHSA, 2001), especially with the increased use of "blunts" (gutted cigars filled with marijuana) in African American communities (Ford, Hong, & Anthony, 2002). The family and peer group have been identified as two of the most important elements in understanding adolescent marijuana use. While the results are not unequivocal, research has largely demonstrated that associating with peers who use illicit substances is one of the strongest predictors of adolescent marijuana use. Parental influences have also been found to be significant predictors of teen alcohol, tobacco, and drug use, including the nature of parental supervision and monitoring, the quality of parental-child attachment, and the history of parental substance use. "It is not clear how early use of marijuana might be related to later substance problems. Although this study suggests that genetic and environmental factors alone cannot explain the risk, Lynskey and Heath say those factors clearly play some role. They believe it also is likely that people who use marijuana at a young age may be more likely to be involved in a lifestyle that will put them at increased risk for a whol e range of problems." (Lynskey & Heath, 2003) "There is something about tobacco that if parents smoke, their kids are more likely to smoke. It may be that parents who smoke might leave cigarettes around where their children can see and get to them. Parents may not leave marijuana and alcohol around in the same way." (www.emaxhealth.com) In addition to the direct associations that peer and parenting factors have with adolescent marijuana use, recent research has explored whether there exist mediating or moderating effects between the two sets of factors. Indeed, some evidence exists that controlling for peer use does mediate the association between adolescent peer use and related family process variables, such as parental attachment, discipline, and supervision. Some have interpreted this mediation effect as evidence that peer influences are part of an intervening chain of relations that stem from differences in family processes (e.g., supervision, discipline, parental attachment), which ultimately increase the risk of adolescen t marijuana use. In fact, some research suggests that the quality of parenting predicts the level of exposure to delinquent friends the stronger the quality of parenting, the less likely the teen is to have access to deviant peers or to select them as friends. "In general, the marijuana-users were more behaviorally deviant, less involved with school and had friends their parents didn't like, the researchers found". (Anita, 2006) Indeed, the prevailing explanations of how and why family structure is associated with adolescent marijuana use reinforce the notion that family structure